Pollinators and vitamins

We need the vitamins provided by fruits

It is said that bees and other pollinators are responsible for one third of all our food. Whether this is exactly right I do not know; but a trip to the grocery store confirms that a substantial part of our food comes from plants that have been pollinated by insects rather than by the wind: most vegetables and fruits, drinks such as coffee and tea. We even have to include in this list beef, poultry and dairy products because farm animals feed partly on alfalfa or clover which have been pollinated by insects. Without pollinators we would be reduced to eating grains or cereals, potatoes, sea food and fish and very little else (and undernourished beef and poultry).

Tomato flowers

What is never mentioned but I find perhaps even more important than food quantity is quality. Many of our essential vitamins and antioxidants come to us courtesy of pollinators. Vegetables and fruits are loaded with vitamins such as beta carotene, vitamin C and a few others.

More evidence can be found in Contribution of Pollinator-Mediated Crops to Nutrients in the Human Food Supply. Elisabeth J. Eilers, Claire Kremen, Sarah Smith Greenleaf, Andrea K. Garber, Alexandra-Maria Klein. The researchers found that most of the vitamins A, C and E come from crops pollinated by insects. A large proportion of the minerals calcium, fluoride and iron in our diet are also dependent on animal pollination. Lycopene and some antioxidants, β-cryptoxanthin and β-tocopherol, are entirely dependent on insect pollination.

So, in summary, if it wasn’t for pollinators we wouldn’t be one third hungrier. Instead we would be one hundred per cent dead.

Vegetables are indispensable because of their vitamins

List of articles
Beginners Guide to Pollinators and Other Flower Visitors

© Beatriz Moisset. 2012

Before there were flowers: Wind Pollination

Pine tassels. © Beatriz Moisset

Pine cones. © Beatriz Moisset

Maine’s state flower is rather unusual because it is not a flower in the real sense. It is the white pine’s (Pinus strobus) tassel and cone. These are not flowers but serve the same function: the tassels produce pollen that has to arrive at the small, immature cones to produce seeds. Only then the cones can grow and reach maturity. Maine residents must be mighty proud of their pines and for very good reasons. It is a handsome tree of great value, and the tassels and cones, although not as colorful as most true flowers, are quite handsome. I am delighted at this peculiar choice because it serves to illustrate a significant point of pollination.

Long before there were any animal pollinators, only the wind performed this function. Wind pollinated plants have to produce vast quantities of pollen so that just a few grains can arrive to their destination; the immense majority never even come near the female cones and simply goes to waste. Pines, firs, spruce, and other conifers belong to an ancient lineage that appeared long before pollinators entered the scene. Thus they were and still are pollinated by the wind. Despite its inefficiency, this method works well enough when many plants of the same species grow relatively close to each other. This is why conifer forests are composed of only a small number of species. This is also why corn, another wind pollinated plant, needs at least several rows of plants to produce seeds.

Pollen dispersal by wind. © Beatriz Moisset

Getting back to the pine, both the tassel and the cone are well-adapted to their functions, increasing the chances that wind-carried pollen finds its destination. The tassels are placed higher on the tree. The cones are aerodynamically shaped to create small air whirlpools that direct the pollen grains toward the seeds. For millions of years, the land was dominated by these plants, along with even older ones, the seedless ones that reproduce by spores. The more ancient dinosaurs never saw a flower, nor did they care. The flower revolution was yet to come, and once started it would take the land by storm and spread to distant corners. Nowadays, wind pollinated conifers are more common than flowering plants only in harsh and cold environments near polar regions. Most plants everywhere else produce flowers.

The great advantage of flowers and of animal pollinated plants is that pollinators are more efficient than wind alone in transporting pollen to the intended target, thus even if individual plants are far apart, they still succeed at being pollinated. In fact, forests of tropical regions are made largely of blooming trees with so many different species packed in the same space that a pollinator has to travel some distance between members of the same species. So pollinators contribute to biodiversity, which in turn contributes to a more efficient way of using all available ecological resources.

Now I can get on with the story of pollinators of state flowers.

Also see: Pollinators of Official State Flowers 

References 
Maine: White pine tassel and cone 

List of articles
Beginners Guide to Pollinators and Other Flower Visitors

© Beatriz Moisset. 2015

Pollinators of Official State Flowers

A tale of pollinators and pollination

as told by the official state flowers

 

We love flowers for their beauty and for the impact they have on diverse aspects of our lives. That is why we honor them by choosing an official state flower for each state of the union. A look at the list of state flowers reveals an amazing variety of shapes, colors, perfumes and blooming seasons. Some flowers are open and rather flat; others are elongated, trumpet like, with spurs, or intricately shaped. They may be grouped in clusters or stand alone. They come in a rainbow of colors and their scents are equally varied. Some bloom briefly in just one season, others do it for a longer time.

Why do plants have flowers and why is there such a variety? We seldom think about a flower’s function.  Some even feel that they were put here for our enjoyment. The fact is that their whole purpose is to attract pollinators, those love messengers that carry pollen from blossom to blossom ensuring the development of fruits and seeds and thus the future of the plant’s species. The great variety of flowers is a sign of the diversity of their pollinators. Both the flower and the pollinator complement each other to the point that, in some cases, only one kind of pollinator can perform the job for a particular kind of plant. This mutual fine tuning is the result of a long process of co-evolution. Often one can tell the type of pollinator by looking at the structure of the flower. For instance, flat, open flowers can be pollinated by short tongued insects; longer ones require longer tongued visitors. Tubular flowers are often pollinated by hummingbirds or very long-tongued moths. Night-bloomers are pollinated by night-flyers such as hawk moths or bats.

We often think of the honey bee as the ultimate pollinator and we seldom recognize the fact that many other insects, as well as some other creatures perform that job, in fact many plants have absolutely no use for honey bees. It is true that honey bees are incredibly adaptable and that they visit a wide array of flowers through several seasons, we could say that they are “Jacks of all trades” but we must remember the second half of that saying: “and masters of none”. In many instances flowers fare better in the absence of honey bees because some of them have developed a long standing partnership with their respective pollinators. Honey bees could interfere with such specialized pollinators.

Years ago, I was looking at a book on state flowers and was astonished at their variety. It occurred to me that it was possible to teach an entire course on pollination using state flowers as examples. All it takes is one look at the assortment of state flowers to see that there must be a similar diversity of pollinators belonging to several different groups of animals, not just bees, but also flies, butterflies, moths, beetles, and even bats and birds. Maybe some day, the states will recognize the importance of pollinators and decide to honor them also. After all, flowers would not exist without pollinators.

Some flowers accept a variety of pollinators, for instance, black eyed Susan (Maryland’s state flower) and goldenrod (state flower of Kentucky, Nebraska and South Carolina). Others are more selective, such as the flowering dogwood (state flower of North Carolina and Virginia). A few are extremely specialized like the yucca (state flower of New Mexico), which needs a tiny moth. No one else can do the job. Still others require unusual pollinators like the saguaro (state flower of Arizona) whose main pollinators are bats, or columbines (state flower of Colorado) which are pollinated by hummingbirds.

Curiously, thirteen states have chosen official state flowers that are not native and therefore not truly representative of the state. Fortunately seven of them decided to add an official state wildflower, for instance, the state flower of Ohio is the carnation and its wildflower is the white trillium. I will mention a few of them because they contribute something valuable to this tale of pollination. In other cases, I will refer to the state tree if it bears flowers that add something to the pollination story.

One may wonder why some states chose flowers native to the old world rather than those that represent the state flora. It seems that state flowers were chosen more for their beauty, or economic importance. Perhaps part of the explanation is that this is such a nation of immigrants that many people are more familiar with the rose or the carnation than with any local flowers. Economic importance counts too. Thus, it comes as no surprise that Florida chose the orange blossom as a state flower.

In a few cases there is some confusion about the choice of state flower. This is not surprising considering that legislators are not botanists. The common name could include only one or several species of similar plants. Which one of several violets is the state symbol? Those states that chose the rose, were they thinking of a native species of rose, or one of the common cultivated varieties? Different sources give slightly different interpretations to these choices. In general, I will follow the scientific nomenclature used by the United States National Arboretum, but I may include other interpretations in some instances if they illustrate an interesting pollination point.

Here is the story of pollination and pollinators as told through the examples of official state flowers. In the next post I will describe the kind of pollination that took place long before there were any insects or other animals to do the job, in fact, long before there were flowers. Then, I will examine the earliest forms of insect pollination. In following posts I will cover an assortment of floral strategies, from the ones that attract hordes of different pollinators to the specialists that prefer to deal with a select number of helpers or even just one. I will include some strategies that include nasty tricks played on pollinators and also an intriguing phenomenon, toxic nectar. It makes one wonder why a flower would want to make its pollinators sick. I haven’t forgotten pollinators of a different kind, non-insect ones, birds and bats. Finally, to wrap up this tale, I will take a look at state flowers and pollinators of economic importance.

More on pollinators and state flowers

Before there were Flowers: Wind Pollination

The Earliest Pollinators: Beetles and Flies

Mass Appeal and Pollination
This Way to the Restaurant

 

References

US National Arboretum. Trees and Flowers

State Symbols, USA

Netstate. Official State Flowers 

Dowden, Anne O. State Flowers. 1978
Cooper, Jason, The Rourke Guide to State Symbols. Flowers. 194

List of articles
Beginners Guide to Pollinators and Other Flower Visitors

© Beatriz Moisset. 2015